Syobon, what you said is pretty much the basics when it comes to fighting games and they're really important: knowing what your attacks do and attacking correctly with them. When players say a character has "good buttons" it means that their normal attacks have good range, good priority, good damage, or are easy to confirm into more damage. Playing at mid-close distance and trying to hit your opponent is called "playing footsies".
There are a few playstyles in fighting games, such as rushdown, zoning, runaway. All of them involve knowing how to "play footsies". Knowing what attack is good to use in each situation and how to react to your opponent, but also being patient and analysing your opponent's patterns.
Alex Valle (famous fighting game player) once said that to be good at fighting games, you have to learn two things: how to control space in a match (and you do that by attacking smartly) and how to do big damage (and you do that by learning your combos).
If you have some time to spare, you can read the amazing
Footsies Handbook. It's loaded with examples from real matches, and was written by one of the smartest players in the community. Even though it talks about something that is at the core of fighting games and that is very important, it's not really an easy read, since footsies are "a complex and elusive subject".
SF is indeed not really fun to play casually when you're new at fighting games. Soul Calibur is amongst the most fun games at low level, in my opinion.